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Descartes method of radical doubt - Free Essay Example

Knowledge is the things that one has taken into itself and made the decision to believe that it is true. In order to find absolute certainty about certain pieces of knowledge, Descartes began to ask himself what makes the obtained information true. Thus, Descartes decided to doubt everything until arriving at a concrete truth that could not be denied. This method is called radical doubt. Descartes began to doubt his own existence. The philosopher asked many questions to himself and even compared dreams to reality. When we dream our senses tell us that we are living the moment and that something is occurring when really is not. Descartes thus poses the possibility of real life being like a dream and that may not be happening. The two deductions of Descartes are that the soul and the body are completely different substances and that the soul is easier to understand than the body. The philosopher explained that God organized the rules of mind-body interaction in such a way as to produce sensations that are generally favorable to the good of the body. Descartes stated that God is the guarantee of the truth of what we know with clarity and distinction, but at the same time, to prove the existence of God, used clarity and distinction. Thus, Descartes attempted to explain the existence of God using an argument that was supposed to be possible only by God. This objection to Descartes philosophy is known as the Cartesi an circle. David Hume was a philosopher who was also in disagreement with Descartes. Hume thought that we do not have, and can not have, any idea of me. According to Hume, all our ideas are originated in impressions. However, we have no impression that could be at the origin of the idea of self. All that we find when we look at ourselves is a succession of unique perceptions and never a perception of the self. The last idea of Descartes philosophy was to prove the existence of the outside world by arguing that the ideas whose cause we attribute to physical objects have the same cause. However, Hume denies that it is possible to prove the existence of the outside world. As Descartes, Hume accepts the distinction between reality and our perceptions, but argues that we only have direct experience of the representations in our mind, not of the physical objects, their supposed causes, and that, therefore, it is not possible to have experience of the causal relation between our mental representations and the objects they are supposed to represent. So there is no reason to think that physical objects are the cause of our perceptions and so, that there are physical objects.

Learning Theories My Sixth Grade Classroom Essay

IZT2, Learning Theories My eighth grade classroom is set in a Jr-Sr. High school and is located in the Jr. High hallway, in the rear of the high school. I have thirty-two student desks situated in rows and two small tables at the front of my room used for paper pick up. My desk and computer are in the back corner of the room. The students all have their own Chromebooks and I have a desktop computer as well as a Samsung Tablet. Google Classroom is used daily as well as many other applications suited for 1:1 schools. I also have a projector hanging from the ceiling and two large white boards located on the front and side walls of my classroom. The class that I will be focusing on in this paper is made up of 26 students, 15 boys and 11 girls. One student with learning disabilities, another is an ELL student. This class meets for 55 minutes. We adhere closely to the Indiana State Standards and use the ISTEP and NWEA mandated assessments. Each teacher is given free rein to teach how they see fit; however, we were asked to submit curriculum mapping outlining the content/topics, key terms, sources/resources, assessments and standards we use in our classrooms. Overall, my classroom is teacher driven, that is, I introduce the stories and activities and guide the instruction. We do use a textbook from time to time as well as websites, and additional resources found. Lesson Plan Modifications Based on Cognitivism The Social Cognitivism Theory, unlike behaviorism, reasonsShow MoreRelatedInterview Sixth Grade Life Science Students On The Topic Of Cell Division1288 Words   |  6 PagesI chose to interview seventh grade life science students on the topic of cell division. Because I teach at a magnet junior high/ high school within Toledo Public students, the students I teach in the seventh grade are coming from a variety of different elementary schools both in and out of the district. This results in a wide variety of prior content knowledge in science. Based on the Ohio New Learning Standards for Science, in the sixth grade, students are introduced to the idea of mitosis andRead MoreAssessment Of Teaching Clinical Journal874 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment of Teaching Clinical Journal Theory-Driven Lesson Plan Introduction In the following lesson I combined my students’ interests mixed with theory I have read about to create an interdisciplinary classroom activity. The lesson I created is math content based with a special education sixth grade class. The specific unit of study is solving equations and specific vocabulary attached to this unit is: variable, constant, inverse, and solution. Through this lesson my students are going to be able toRead MoreThe Nature Versus Nurture Controversial Debate1492 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The nature-versus-nurture controversial debate has always been central to the theme of development. Naturally, several predominant theories come to the fore and place different weights on nature and nurture. My concept of interest is active adaptation theory, which falls on the relatively endogenous side of the scale of source of developmental change. From the active adaptation perspective, individuals play an active role in their development; they possess the power to influence theirRead MoreFixed Vs. Growth Mindset : The Effects Of Poverty On 6th Grade Title I Students1646 Words   |  7 PagesFIXED VS. GROWTH MINDSET: THE EFFECTS OF POVERTY ON 6TH GRADE TITLE I STUDENTS An Action Research Project Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Educational Leadership Lamar University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Education in Education Administration By Ashley C. Glover May 2017 Abstract TITLE OF ACTION RESEARCH REPORT by Ashley C. Glover Rattan, Savani, Chugh, and Dweck (2015) state that scientific research shows that students’ psychology-theirRead MoreThe Curriculum : Differentiated Curriculum Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesDifferentiated Curriculum Classrooms today look very different than they did twenty years ago. Gone are the days of students sitting at their desks, copying notes as the teacher writes on the chalkboard. Children are entering kindergarten at varying levels of abilities and the gap between student aptitudes grows as children get older. Students with learning disabilities are mainstreamed into classrooms and, with the growing number of immigrant families, teachers are faced with students who doRead MoreClassrooms Today Look Very Different Than Students Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pages Classrooms today look very different than they did twenty years ago. Gone are the days of students sitting at their desks, copying notes as the teacher writes on the chalkboard. Children are entering kindergarten at varying levels of abilities and the gap between student aptitudes grows as children get older. Students with learning disabilities are mainstreamed into classrooms and, with the growing number of immigrant families, teachers are faced with students who do not speak English. In someRead MoreThe Importance Of Classroom Management Plan974 Words   |  4 Pagesprocedures of an educators, classroom management plan should keep students engages in learning. Teachers who do not create a classroom management plan prior to the beginning of the school year is setting themselves up for behavior. Misbehavior of Students The misbehavior of high school student can vary. Some misbehavior come from student lack of performance in class. Performance in class include reading and writing. It has been observed that students in ninth and tenth grade misbehave in class due toRead MoreWhen I Was A Kid Growing Up From A Western Capitalistic Society1583 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I was younger, I was infamous. My teachers and peers characterized me as manipulative, and indeed I had a powerful ability to exploit those around me in order to get what I want. Over the years I have been less inclined to use this ability to persuade others. Through a series of learning experiences, I have found that manipulating people never yields positive results. As a child, each time I used this influence for my own benefit, I would be reprimanded in some form and therefore learned thatRead MoreImpact Of Cooperative Grouping On Low Achieving Sixth Grade Math Students2270 Words   |  10 PagesLow-Achieving Sixth Grade Math Student s Stacy Rogers Arkansas Tech University â€Æ' Impact of Cooperative Grouping on Low Achieving Sixth Grade Math Students Chapter 1 Middle school math teachers, as well as all grade-level math teachers, are constantly searching for ways to help their students achieve mathematic success. Students come to classrooms from all backgrounds and each student has a completely different learning style - differentiated instruction is crucial in every classroom. Teachers areRead MoreThe National Reading Panel ( A Short Note On ) And The International Reading Association ( Ira )1034 Words   |  5 PagesReading Association (IRA) are two different associations that provide research findings on the best practices for teaching and learning literacy. Reading and understanding the findings of both associations is important for educators and parents to boost the literacy rates of our children. Below I will summarize the reading standards that our outlined by both and provide my thoughts and insights. The NRP concludes that children need to be taught certain instructional methods to excel in reading.

Book Report The Scarlet Red Lips - 1155 Words

The gorgeous man woke up with his palms sweating. He has a bad habit of sleeping with his comforter, even during the summer. He made a little stretch with his arms and got out of bed. He s the owner of a modeling company and needed new models for his company. He s also a player that everyone knew about. Women stayed away from him, because they will fall under his charm. One young woman was determined to beat him at his own game. She was very pretty. Her hair color is black and eyes are big. They re round too, which is impossible. Her eyelashes are seductive with her crimson red lips. She looked like she came out of a model magazine. Her exterior is beautiful, but her heart is black like ashes. She s merciless and does not care†¦show more content†¦She s going to make the whole world love her, by being beautiful and having an affair with a rich man. She waited a few second and the front lady said that she has to go to the sixth floor and the room number is one hundred twenty. Great. I have to encounter more judgmental people on the elevator. She thought. Well, suck it up. No one will like you if you don t get yourself on that floor! Her mind said back to her. She walked like a zombie to the elevator. Her mind controls her. She pressed the number six button and waited for the elevator to stop at her floor. She made sure her phone is in her purse, because she can t live without it. She s like every other woman. She has some addictions and of course insecurities. Her big breasts bothers her a lot, because people hate big breasts. Most women are insecure of that. Girls and young ladies too. She tapped her foot and the elevator dinged. She got off and knocked on the door. She felt insecure. You fool, if you re scared, you won t be loved! Her mind scolded her. She heard shuffling inside the apartment. It took half a minute before the man opened the door. Who is at my door on a Saturday? The man said to himself. He opened it and saw a young woman standing in front of him. The first thing he noticed about her is her beauty. She s perfect for his company. He needs to have the best company ever, so he can get a lot of money. May I come

Akira Kurosawa A Biography Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Akira Kurosawa, A Biography Essay, Research Paper Akira Kurosawa was born in Tokyo. His male parent was a former ground forces officer who became an athletic teacher. At 17 Kurosawa enrolled at an art school and so worked as a commercial creative person. In 1936 he got a occupation as an helper and scriptwriter to manager at Photo Chemical Laboratories, which became better known as Toho Studios ( the production company besides behind Godzilla, among other movies ) . By 1941 he was composing books and directing whole sequences. The first movie he to the full directed was Sanshiro Sugata, a narrative of a pupil of judo, who must support himself against the adherents of the jujutsu dojo. After a few more movies, he eventually earned acknowledgment in Japan for Drunken Angel, about a yakuza ( Nipponese mobster ) seeking to reform. The first movie to acquire international acknowledgment was Rashomon, which is about a colza and slaying in the wood, and the enigma over who did it and why. We will write a custom essay sample on Akira Kurosawa A Biography Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was the start of Kurosawa # 8217 ; s most popular movie period, and the period that made him genuinely celebrated. Seven Samurai started Kurosawa # 8217 ; s samurai series, and is the most popular of all Kurosawa # 8217 ; s movies in the West. He was influenced by authoritative Westerns. In the narrative, set in the 16th-century Japan, husbandmans in a small town are threatened by brigands. They buy protection from a samurai warrior, who recruits other samurai to support the small town. Seven Samurai was imitated in the Hollywood production The Magnificent Seven. The Italian ’spaghetti’ Western A Fistful of Dollars, starring Clint Eastwood, was besides to a great extent inspired by Kurosawa’s Yojimbo, starring Toshiro Mifune. It was once more remade in 1996 as a mobster narrative Last Man Standing, starring Bruce Willis and set the in the 1930s. Despite broad international celebrity, Kurosawa suffered from depression in the late sixtiess and early seventies. After his latest movie flopped at the box office, he attempted self-destruction. Once he recovered, Kurosawa spent about four old ages with Dersu Uzala, a Soviet-Japanese co-production, set in Siberia. In the 90s Kurosawa made his last and most personal movies: Akira Kurosawa # 8217 ; s Dreams and Rhapsody in August. Akira Kurosawa died on September 1, 1998, in Tokyo. After his decease, he was honored with the most esteemed award a civilian can have in Japan. George Lucas, Francis Coppola, Martin Scorsese and Steven Spielberg all admit to holding been to a great extent influenced by Kurosawa.

Keep Fit free essay sample

Doing aerobic exercise regularly helps to keep fit and help to get healthy lifestyle. 2. Think daily or meditate this an important way and good way to get healthy lifestyle. 3. Physical activity is essential to healthy living. 4. The body was meant to move, and when it doesnt, it can become unhappy and ill. Physical activity stimulates the bodys natural maintenance and repair system that keep it going. Activity improve circulation to our heart and lungs. It gives us strength to stare off injuries . And it increases the mobility in our muscles and joints. Physical activity is good for the body and the mind. Exercises include brisk walking, cycling, dancing, swimming, and rowing. 5. Eating healthy food very important . What you put into your body directly effects how you feel physically, your mood, your mental clarity and even your skin. Eating healthy doesnt mean eating expensive food. 6. Reduce stress help to good life. We will write a custom essay sample on Keep Fit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So we should reduce stress to get healthy life. Stress happens when your life become out of balance physically, mentally and emotionally. This imbalance can be caused by internal stress like worrying too much, environmental stress like pressure from work , family or friends. Or by stress from being fatigued or overwork. Being stressed has the potential to affect your health in a variety of ways. Because from stress you become tired, sick, tense, irritable and unable to think clearly. If you want to live healthy lifestyle, you will need to manage the stress in life.

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essays

Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essays Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essay Conflict Resolution at General Hospital Essay Discuss the conflict that is occurring at General Hospital. In my opinion the conflict that is occurring in the General Hospital is the physicians are interested in obtaining personal benefits from representatives of pharmaceutical companies that distributes to the hospital. In most organization this is considered a conflict of interest. The physicians focus is not on their patients but on obtaining personal benefits. The Hospital pays each physician and clinician that is employed a very high salary and the pharmaceutical companies are aware that the physicians are interested in favors if they use products at the hospital. This problem has caused representatives of the pharmaceutical companies to easily get their products in the General Hospital which can sometimes be a difficult task for many pharmaceutical companies. Since the physicians have started this practice it has become a serious problem for the hospital. The ways to control the cost incurred in availing the desirable pharmaceutical resources in the Hospital are also facing some difficulties. Some pharmaceutical companies increased the prices of their products in order to provide some share to the physicians that support their company. Some professionals at the General Hospital have positive thoughts of the decision and others are and this has cause a conflict at General Hospital. 2. Discuss the conflict management styles that are evident in the case. The conflicts of interest at the Hospital is related to all business practices in the Hospital for example (1) the pharmaceutical companies are handled by the organization in an efficient way. The decisions that are being made are not in accordance with the primary interest but the secondary as well and I think it should be reversed with the primary and not with the secondary. The Hospital can implement duties on many business projects with the people such as pharmaceutical consultants. They should remember to remember the importance of maintaining a equal relationship between both parties the physicians and their supplier. 3. Discuss how General Hospital could have used teams to address the cost reductions needed to stay competitive. In my opinion I think the General Hospital can set guidelines concerning the salaries of, maintenance of the Hospital infrastructure, physicians, availability of high-tech machines, medicinal resources, availability of organs for transplant, hospital management etc and this will help the hospital maintain financial resources at all times and in the future. The Hospital should also implement ways to help offset high electric bills by checking the cost incurred in the wastage of electricity in those departments which are not currently under operation and combine the departments. All financial aids that is given to the hospital by the government as well as the other financial institutions should be monitored and utilized in an efficient way and controlled by a limited sources to show where the money is being spent. The hospital may develop ways by using different ideas to help strategies and stabilize their existence. This can be done by making offers to patients with unbeatable prices for some treatments and procedures. The General Hospital should investigate other hospital prices prior to making a final determination of their budget. 4. Describe how Hammer can use negotiation skills to get buy-in for the cost reductions. The negotiation skills are very important in any organization. To reach an administration that can produce great results at the General Hospital they must use their negotiation skills. The General Hospital is a huge and wide-spread organization and detail measures must be taken viewing the cost-reduction because of the size of the organization. Hammer should submit his proposal to negotiate the price of the artificial items that is needed by some patients. The manufacturer of these products can be contacted directly and the best price could be achieved and used to say the hospital money. The items purchased at lower prices from the manufactory can provide evidence that the product work when utilized for patient’s. The General Hospital could overcome the cost incurred in the treatment as well as the salaries of the doctors by negotiating with the suppliers. The hospital may find some of the suppliers not willing to lower the items at the offered price however if they refuse to negotiate or lower the price the Hospital should secure another company that is willing to negotiate the prices as a back-up plan.. 5. Recommend a strategy for Hammer to resolve the problem. In my Opinion I think Hammer should use a strategy to solicit the opinion of Hospital employees to help resolve the problem. He use an innovation awards plan. This plan will allow employees to submit their innovation on how to resolve the problem and the staffs that submit the top ten ideas are given a monetary gift. All employees’ opinion should be taken into consideration to help Hammer resolve the problem at the hospital. The risks and contingencies should also be weighed and taken into consideration prior to any final decisions actual being implementation. If there is a conflict is found between the opinion of the employees, the hospital should allow the employees to determine by using some form of voting procedure using upper or lower management. The advice of the people who have been exposed to this type of problem should be interviewed for information on how they dealt with the problem and what strategies that they used to overcome the problem. After identifying strategies that will help solve the problems they should be implemented to the hospital employees with a plan on how to measure results from the plan. References: Hellriegel, D. , Slocum, J. W. , Jr. (2011 custom edition (13thj ed. ). Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning. massgeneral. org/about/newsarticle. aspx? id=2252 massgeneral. org/surgery/assets/pdfs/surgicalsociety/surgery_2002spring. pdf

Plate Tectonics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Plate Tectonics - Essay Example Helens, and the 2011 Fukushima earthquake in Japan. Prior to the description of the tectonic plate theory, scientists lacked any rational explanations for the formation of most of the features evident on the earths surface. Alfred Wegener figured out that the earth was a single mass of land in the past. In his book titled ‘origin of the continents and the oceans’, he highlighted that the earth consisted of land slabs that he named plates. These plates were of lithospheric origin, one of the layers of the earth. Since the earth had the capacity to rotate and had salient equatorial forces, the plates could exhibit motion in three different ways. The different motions included divergence, convergence, and transformation (Oberrecht, 2007). In a bid to support his theory, he highlighted potential evidence that could augment his thinking. Using the example of the evident fit between the South American and African continents, he highlighted that it was obvious that the movement of the plates had separated the two from each other. Moreover, geological evidence that includes the presence of similar rocks in different continents was an additional support to his theory. Fossil records also insinuated that the theory was true because of the observed climate. The Himalayas mountain belt forms the highest mountain array in the globe, registering an estimated 5000 meters in height. Mountain Everesthas been quoted as the most outstanding peak of the mountain belt, and owns a reputation as the highest peak in the globe. The formation of this mountain belt is attributable to the movement of plates according to the tectonic plate movement theory defined By Wegener (Oberrecht, 2007). The pacific ring of fire serves as evidence to the rigorous plate movement. This belt resulted from the convergence of plates in areas in close proximity to plate boundaries. During convergence, plates register a level of

Evaluation of usability of e-government services in Saudi Arabia Article

Evaluation of usability of e-government services in Saudi Arabia - Article Example Therefore, usability facilitates an avenue for relationship development since it creates a participatory form of governance (Reddick 2010, 484). Abanumy, Al-Badi & Mayhew (2005) in their study on evaluation of Saudi Arabia and Oman e-government websites accessibility examined accessibility guidelines, evaluation methods, and analysis tools. They together with Al-Wabil and Al-khalifa (n. d) in their study on a framework for integrating usability evaluation methods suggested that websites need considerable improvements to be accessible to all users. Andersen, Gronlund, Engers, and others (2011) in their work found out that broken links and poor designs are among many effects on poor usability of e-government (125). These have been leading to lower usage on websites hence reducing interaction. Reduced interaction has been witnessed to affect online business transactions which need redesigning if service delivery potential clients both locally and internationally has to be achieved (Gokmen 2010). A study by Katre (2007) on identifying available opportunities for further improvement explains the inadequate coverage of fundamental issues like user-centered design. This was well covered by the comparison done by Miguel, Pedrero and Teran (n. d) on advances in e-government usability in Spanish and Bolivian e-observatory initiative. They suggested that updated profile would be a good step towards establishing user problems on usability. This opinion backs up Al-Khalifa’s (2010, 238) opinion in hers heuristic evaluation of usability of e-government websites in Saudi Arabia. The study ascertained that among many usability problems, user satisfaction need to be tested since poor quality websites is directly proportional to bad usability. Eidaroos, Probets and Deanley (n. d) study on two Saudi Arabia websites and Aladwani & Palvia (2010) study on instruments for measuring usability

Accounting Capstone Essay Example for Free

Accounting Capstone Essay It appears to me that both companies have had some weaknesses and have shown some improvements. I am wary of Pepsico because its current liabilities have increased faster than its assets. However, Coca-Cola’s assets have decreased along with its liabilities. Both companies have increased inventory, though Pepsico’s increase has been much higher than Coca-Cola’s (9.86% to 0.28%). Normally, this is cause for concern, but both companies’ inventory turnover also has improved. There are several other pros and cons for both companies. One reason to be cautious about either one is that they both have weak acid test ratios. Pepsico’s fell from 0.95 to 0.87. Coca-Cola’s fell from 0.81 to 0.72). An acid-test ratio of less than 1 shows that a company will have difficulty paying its debts. My final decision is based on profitability. Pepsico’s profit margin decreased from 14.4% to 12.5%. Coca-Cola’s decreased from 22.3% to 21.1%. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay Both have decreased, but Coca-Cola’s is much higher. So, I would choose Coca-Cola. What Does Acid-Test Ratio Mean? A stringent indicator that determines whether a firm has enough short-term assets to cover its immediate liabilities without selling inventory. The acid-test ratio is far more strenuous than the working capital ratio, primarily because the working capital ratio allows for the inclusion of inventory assets. Calculated by: Investopedia explains Acid-Test Ratio Companies with ratios of less than 1 cannot pay their current liabilities and should be looked at with extreme caution. Furthermore, if the acid-test  ratio is much lower than the working capital ratio, it means current assets are highly dependent on inventory. Retail stores are examples of this type of business. The term comes from the way gold miners would test whether their findings were real gold nuggets. Unlike other metals, gold does not corrode in acid; if the nugget didnt dissolve when submerged in acid, it was said to have passed the acid test. If a companys financial statements pass the figurative acid test, this indicates its financial integrity

What Is Abnormal Psychology? What Is Normal Psychology? Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Psychology? In my research of Psychology and its meaning I have come up with many definitions. To sum all of the definitions into one it’s the study ones feelings, thoughts, and their way of thinking and using all of there senses rather its cognitive, physical, or mental. Some other questions that came to mind during my research are what is normal psychology and what is abnormal psychology?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is normal psychology? Most people consider one to be normal if they seem to have no problems physically or mentally. Are you O.K. the way you are? Should you be different? Most of us tend to roles that are acceptable behavior in society. Society expects us all to play certain roles. Health and science guide says that normality is only questioned when there is a conflict between roles. Why do we conform to these roles? We do it because in most societies, including ours, there are rewards for conformity. People tend to treat us with respect when we play roles that others are comfortable with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is abnormal psychology? I think it could be the study of mental illness as some journals stated. Overall it’s the study of mental illnesses and of how people with mental illnesses can be treated. Stated in Health and Science guide mental illness is a much-debated topic in the world of psychology to which a lot of research is still needed. Problems usually come up when people try to define what is normal. Sigmund Freud was considered to be the father of Psychoanalysis, said there was no such thing as a normal person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mental illness is considered to be an illness of the mind, which makes it difficult for people to carry out a normal, productive lifestyle. Mental illnesses range from depression to schizophrenia (a very serious mind disorder). It is important to remember that people with such disorders ate stricken with an illness. They have no more control over their illness than when a person gets flu or a cold. When I am sick with a fever or flu I would either try or treat with an over the counter product or go to a doctor. A person with a mental disorder may go to a medical doctor, or to a psychiatrist (a medical doctor who specializes in treating mental problems through therapy and medication) or to a psychologist (who is not a... ...cts the other. Thatcher stated that â€Å"we often manifest emotional disturbances through out bodies.† He says that 20 to 40 percent of patients seen by a typical family practitioner involve mental illness. Its important that we try to destigmatize mental illness and get people the help we now have available.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Treatment options for those with emotional, behavioral and mental difficulties include psychotherapy, drug therapy, and a combination of drugs and psychotherapy. Some patients require more supportive psychotherapy, in which the therapist makes suggestions and offers direction, educating the patient about his illness and how it affects his everyday interpersonal interactions, relationships and job.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my research of what is normal and abnormal psychology, I have learned that behavior affects the way society perceives you rather you think your normal or abnormal. That everyone suffers from some type of mental illness whether it’s a problem you are dealing with or how you feel. It may not be long term but when you are suffering with that problem there is a slight chance that you can be considered mentally ill at that time.

Organizational Strategy and Change Essay

John Kotter in his book explained the significance of change intervention in any organization or business. According to him, adopting change has been the trend in our society for two decades now though sometimes traumatic; the result would be improved quality of products and services, new opportunities for growth and increase productivity (Kotter, p. 3). He stressed the significance of change management because there are many benefits that a company can get from it. He emphasized that an organization finds help in adapting to shifting conditions and have improved competitive mechanics over other competitors (p. ). However, if an organization is passive to change may face the adverse effects which according to Kotter are described as being pessimistic and suspicious of others who are pushing for transformation (p. 17); hence, this company will end up incompetent. A good example of a company that endorsed change after being attacked with bad publicity was McDonald’s. McDonald’s is a food chain that is leading in the global market; it serves more than 100 countries having about 30,000 restaurants all over the world. This company has started as the first food service retailer that offers informal eating-out market, which eventually paved the way for this kind of business. According to Eric Schlosser, at the growth of fast food chains in America, American society has gone tremendous change specially in the lifestyle and values of the American people; considering the fact that much money has been spent in fast food than in education. In the same way, due to this trend, many women and mothers are working with the convenience of food preparation since a family spent their meal at restaurants and fast food chains (p. ). With this trend, McDonald is considered as the largest purchaser of beef, pork and potatoes; it is also the largest owner of retail property according to Schlosser (p. 4). After many years of existence, Ray Kroc had continued to reinvent the image of the restaurant image by placing the smiling Ronald McDonald at restaurant and by creating a friendly environment around the area. However, despite of having a good reputation and being a fast growing business, McDonald’s had suffered enormous bad publicity from different sources. The first one was the libel case filed by the Greenpeace employees in 1990 and the second one was a documentary film written, directed and performed by Morgan Spurlock entitled â€Å"Super Size Me† in 2004. The appearance of these controversies had moved the McDonald’s Company to reshape their culture and focus. The libel case filed against McDonald was considered the longest libel case in the history of English that lasted in 314 days in 1990. The two Greenpeace employees issued many articles saying that McDonald’s prepared food are environmentally hazardous and physically harmful to the consumers. The libel suit also presented issues relating to discrimination to its employees, the company was responsible for cruelty to some of its animals used as foods, and children are exploited for using them in television campaign. This publicity was proven true after the US Congress made an investigation about the hearsay. In their report as discussed by Schlosser in his book, explained that there was presence of E-Coli in some of their food due to unclean surroundings and contaminated and/or lethal meat which they sold to many children (p. ), since children are their number one patronage. The â€Å"Super Size Me† ads which was produced and experimented by Spurlock himself for one month was a concrete explanation why McDonald’s foods are not good for the body. According to Thom and Geiger, Spurlock had gained twenty-five pounds after one month of eating all McDonald’s food which caused him to â€Å"suffer from fatigue, headaches, and indigestion; his blood sugar skyrocketed, his liver filled with fat, his cholesterol went off the charts, and his blood pressure was unmanageable† (p. 98). This experiment has just proven that fast foods are not healthy according to Thom and Geiger (p. 199); this has alarmed the whole America and started blaming fast food for unhealthy body and began to fight a war against obesity. The next question is: â€Å"What is the response of McDonald’s to this issue? † Galloway and Kwanash-Aidoo had described clearly the response made by the company to this very intriguing issue. At first, McDonald’s through its spokespeople did not make any comment saying that they have not seen the film yet. However, later, they told the press that the movie is just a distortion of reality. Kapica and Coffing (spokepersons) have said that the issue of obesity is a personal responsibility not theirs, since it is the person’s choice what they want to eat (p. 70). Nevertheless, in March after twelve weeks since the appearance of the ads, McDonald’s had announced that they would phase the super-sizing option in their restaurants and they introduced the â€Å"Happy Meals† with salad and pedometers (Galloway and Kwanash-Aidoo, p. 71). Yet, the story did not end there until the issue became national. For this reason, McDonald’s made a lot of public relation campaign just to offset the issue. Macmillan and McGrath has stated in their book that after that issue, McDonald’s and other fast food chains has introduced couple of lower fat options, including a Salad Shaker (with nonfat dressing), a Fruit and Yogurt Parfait (p. 160). The documentary film has helped American people to become health conscious people and industry to consider social responsibility. Despite the company’s attempt to change the food offerings, the issue continued that required crisis management approach. McDonald’s in Australia as well as in America used a proactive approach which allowed McDonald’s a fair hearing in the court of public opinion. This approach made the company showcased their management and the new direction that McDonald had initiated in order to minimize the impact of the movie. The result of the approach was very effective because they were able to â€Å"weaken and shorten the life-cycle of the issue† according to Galloway and Kwanash-Aidoo (p. 5). To sustain its campaign, in February 7, 2007, the McDonalds Australia has joined the foundation and they had come up with nine products with approval of the Heart Foundation Tick. Heart Foundation Tick is a program aiming to encourage food producing companies all over the world to espouse healthy and nutritious food to eliminate heart problem caused by food intake. The Australian Sports Medicine Federation explained what the Heart Foundation Tick is. According to them, this is a program that challenges all food companies since 1989 to produce healthier products to provide consumers enough choices of healthier foods available on shelves of the supermarkets or restaurants. And every company that responds to the challenge must generate or produce foods that conform to the strict standards of the organization. Specifically, the foods are to be tested for some chemical contents that are harmful to the body before they are given endorsement; the foods should not contain the following ingredients: saturated fat, Trans fat, salt and kilojoules. Once passed the quality, the company will be given the Heart Foundation Tick with corresponding logo that appears on the label of the product. Currently, based on the report released in 2006, McDonald’s restaurants all over the world serve its customer with 100% pure USDA inspected beef with neither no fillers nor additives, whitefish from the Pacific Ocean and Baltic and North Seas, vegetables and fruits are farm-fresh delivered on regular basis (Fact Sheet about McDonald’s). Remarkably, McDonald Company had enforced strategic actions in order to counteract bad publicity and maintain their status quo. In the report made by William Greider in a newspaper published online in July 2003 said that the company had taken a strong political will to advise its meat suppliers to stop using growth-stimulating antibiotics that are dangerous to human health. By this warning, the company would not be willing to purchase the said products; in the statement made by McDonald’s director, he said, â€Å"we would be a catalyst for change industry wide. This very significant affirmation from the company was a response to the controversy that thrown on them and to the call of social responsibility. During this crucial situation, it is very important that a company is always ready to initiate change. McDonald’s action for change is very critical but very essential because it turned the company upside down, and it was successful; McDonald’s remained as the number one fast food chain in the world. To categorize the perspective, the change is institutional and contingency; institutional because it is a change that considers the external forces such as social, governmental, legal and cultural. It is a contingency perspective because the top management must initiate the change that focuses on the most directly affected by the circumstances. McCalman once said, â€Å"Change is an ongoing process† (p. 8).

Fra Angelico’s Coronation of the Virgin Art Use during...

The Renaissance was a movement that began in Italy with the purpose of reviving classical sources and breathing new life into them. Art specifically, would forever change, setting the stage for distinct and innovative art styles and ideas. Fra Angelico’s Coronation of the Virgin (Figure 1) and other forms of religious artwork from Renaissance Europe, although sometimes varying in interpretation, were created in order to bring social divisions together under the protection of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Commissioned for the Church of San Domenico in Fiesole, the Coronation of the Virgin was both visually beautiful, and functional as a church altarpiece. The Dominicans hoped that through such art they would be able to display their†¦show more content†¦God, as represented in a beautiful artwork, gives them hope for a better world, allowing their mind to drift away from the problem at hand. Devotional art is giving them a new view on life, a different way of seeing the ir society. For those in power this would work perfectly because it would prevent disorder, thus shaping the world around them in a manner that would please them. Society and art have always gone hand in hand, and thus as society changed, so did the way art was seen and interpreted. As society changes overtime, art has and will continue to adapt to whatever circumstances arise. No matter how drastically the symbols of religion, or the representative imagery of the physical world changes, art will constantly be reinterpreted to instill the same emotion and stance on power that has been seen in the past. It does not matter the age nor the people of the era, art will always have the same power over us that it has had before. All that will change is who is using art and what they are using it for. There will always be those who harness the power of art, as there will be those that are subject to the affect in which that type of art will have on them. Since the dawn of society, religion and art have been intertwined with the purpose of conveying a message. Religious artwork allows individuals to come together under one cause and share a meaningful relationship with one another. For

Annotated Bibliography On Women s Abortion Quantitative...

Name Date Class Assignment: Annotated Bibliography Citations Finer, L. B., Frohwirth, L. F., Dauphinee, L. A., Singh, S., Moore, A. M. (2005). Reasons U.S. women have abortions: Quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(3), 110-8. This study addressed the reasons behind why women choose to have abortions. Specifically, the researcher focused on both qualitative and quantitative perspectives to determine the factors that contribute to the decision to have an abortion. Using structured survey, the researcher included 1,209 abortion patients at 11 large providers. The study did not provide a hypothesis as to what they felt would happen in the outcome. Rather, the focus of the study was understanding the context of women’s reasons for abortions and how those reasons align with public policy regarding abortions. In regards to the outcome, the reasons that were most frequently cited dealt with a child interfering with a woman’s education, career or ability to care for dependents. The researcher felt that understanding these motivators for abortion will help inform public opinion and prevent or correct misperceptions. The researcher also hoped to use this information as a justification for funding more programs that help women with financial constraints. I felt that this research was beneficial as it uncovered the reasons of why some women choose to have an abortion. I appreciate the fact that this study could be used to

Mgmt 330 Mid Term Study Guide - 966 Words

†¢ Constitutional Speech (Personal and Corporate) * (personal); afforded highest protection by the Courts. Balance must be struck between a government’s obligation to protect its citizens versus a citizen’s right to speech. In other words, if government suppresses speech it must be to protect the citizens. EX. Don’t yell fire in a crowded area. See below. * If restriction is content neutral, restrictions must target some societal problem – not to primarily suppress the message. (Corporate); -Political speech by corporations is protected by the First Amendment. -In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) the Supreme Court ruled that corporations can spend freely to support or oppose candidates for†¦show more content†¦So if evidence obtained in violation of due process is brought, then any evidence that comes from the initial evidence is not admissible either. * †¢ Cyber Crimes: Any act directed against computers or that uses computers as an instrumentality of a crime. * -Cyber Fraud: fraud committed over the internet (e.g., Nigerian letter scam). * Online Auction Fraud. Cyber Theft: -Identity Theft. -Phishing. -vishing. -Employment Fraud. -Credit-Card Crime on the Web * Prosecution of Cyber Crime. * â€Å"Location† of crime is an issue. * Jurisdiction of courts is an issue. * Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. * Person is liable if he accesses a computer online, without authority, to obtain classified, private, or protected information. * †¢ Criminal Penalties; To be convicted of a crime, a person must: -Commit a guilty act (actus reus). -Have the guilty mind (mens rea) during commission of the guilty act. * State of Mind. -Required intent (or mental state) is indicated in the applicable statute or law. -Criminal Negligence or Recklessness (unjustified, substantial and foreseeable risk that results in harm). -Violent Crime. * Murder, sexual assault, rape, robbery. -Property Crime. * Burglary, larceny, theft of trade secrets, theft of services, arson, receipt of stolen goods, forgery. †¢ CriminalShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 DataRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesManagement: Contemporary Concepts and Cases, Fifth Edition Seppanen, Kumar, and Chandra, Process Analysis and Improvement, First Edition Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky, and Simchi-Levi, Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, Case Studies, Third Edition Sterman, Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for Complex World, First Edition Stevenson, Operations Management, 10th Edition Swink, Melnyk, Cooper, and Hartley, Managing Operations Across the Supply Chain, First Edition

Discrimination and Sexual Harassment Free Essays

string(168) " of discrimination and sexual harassment are indicators of leaders’ priorities and of which â€Å"types† of employees are valued \(Morrison von Glinow 67\)\." Most Americans can trace their predecessors back to some country across the oceans or the Mexican-American or Canadian-American borders. Each ethnic group has enriched American culture with its own particular types of music, food, customs, and dress. It usually takes two or more generations for the members of a new immigrant group to become sufficiently absorbed into the life of a community that they lose their separate identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination and Sexual Harassment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some ethnic groups – mainly those of dark skin colors – never achieve total acceptance. People concerned about improving group relations in their organization must guard against such clichà ©s as â€Å"I’m not prejudiced† and â€Å"I treat all people the same. † Even the most â€Å"liberal† individuals do not treat all people the same. Moreover, they should not. All people are prejudiced for or against other people. However, it is behaviors, not attitudes, which comprise the major group problems confronting managers and supervisors. There are many laws against discriminatory behaviors, but there are none against prejudicial attitudes. The ethnic prejudices found in neighborhoods, schools, and jobs come from two main sources: (1) the values and beliefs individuals learn from others, and (2) the tensions and frustrations all people experience while competing with other people, especially those who are culturally different. Race and racism, outgrowths of prejudice, disrupt organization behaviors (Shepherd Penna 34). Cultural diversity changes the organization by providing new human resources and managerial challenges to employers. As the United States experiences shortages of skilled workers, most organizations should to find ways to optimally utilize multicultural workers. This often entails dealing with employees who have different attitudes toward time, status and roles, relationships, responsibility, decision-making, and technology (Goldstein Leopold 45). In addition, as the nation’s workforce is reshaped with respect to age, sex, racial composition, and national origin, the challenge to managers and supervisors is magnified; managers must take strong leadership in eliminating discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. Abbasi Hollman 96). If organization devises an innovation strategy to cope with discrimination and sexual harassment the result will be the successes an organization will experience. First, managers should play role: in the management of diversity initiatives in order to deliver permanent change in organizational culture, systems, and structures; should work in an integrated partnership within their organization to implement diversity successfully; second, cultural and gender diversity includes every employee, so, managers and supervisors must be aware of their values, motivations, communication styles, attitudes, and needs. Arguments that support the thesis 1. Helping across cultures at workplace can be accomplished only with the assistance of well-trained manager Most discrimination and sexual harassment problems are rooted in the organization culture. Certainly, group therapy is an alternative. Another alternative is affirmative action designed to change jobs. One of the reasons managers and supervisors are continually frustrated is because the social problems they are called upon to solve are themselves the products of a larger social environment. Frequently, for example, an alienated worker’s problem resolution depends not on his or her adjustment to an existing situation but instead on being moved to another job or another company. This kind of environmental change is modeled after milieu therapy. It is clear that many minorities and women do not get the help they need because company resources are not attuned to their needs. The more effective employers behave in the following manner: 1. They regard each employee as a vital part of the organization. 2. They view all personnel positively, because whatever diminishes anyone’s self (e. . , humiliation, discrimination, degradation, failure) has no place in a culturally sensitive organization. 3. They allow and provide for individual and cultural differences. 4. They learn how employees see things. Since sensitivity to their own feelings is a prerequisite to effective leadership, it is beneficial for administrators to have maximum self-insight. For some administrators, this is an integral part of their personality; for others it must be learned. A growing number of administrators are participating in some type of sensitivity training. If it is true, that helping across cultures can be accomplished only with the assistance of a healthier person. A worker does not need guidance from an administrator who is a racist. Nor does a female employee need a sexist supervisor. The more effective administrator is a mature person who functions with compassionate efficiency, who is able to assist his or her subordinates to solve their problems without resorting to pity, panic, or resignation. This type of administrator maintains professional balance and keeps his or her perspective with self-insight and humor. Once diversity-related problems are identified, managers should move with great care when implementing change. Some actions, although well intentioned, will only exacerbate the problems. Anything that disrupts the existing flow of work activities can cause additional complaints and stress. 2. Diversity-related leadership is an important organizational factor determining the extent of discrimination Without the full commitment of upper-level leaders in an organization, discrimination and sexual harassment initiatives are likely to fail and thus discriminatory practices are unlikely to be ended (Cox Blake 8). However, it is also necessary to look below the upper-most levels to examine the ways in which the behaviors and decisions of mid-level management and direct supervisors may also perpetuate discrimination and sexual harassment. Upper-level management at the highest levels of leadership in organizations, the CEO, the top management team (TMT), and the corporate board are instrumental in determining the direction that the organization will take with regard to discrimination and sexual harassment. Leaders must first recognize the potential for discrimination in traditional organizational practices and structures and must believe in the need to value all employees and remove obstacles to their success (Stoner Russell-Chapin 13). The CEO and top management team make important decisions regarding organizational strategies and resources, and they communicate the organization’s priorities to all members and stakeholder groups (Chevrier 45). The extent to which leaders choose to emphasize inclusiveness in the organization’s strategy and the extent to which resources (i. . , personnel, money, time) are devoted to eliminating all forms of discrimination and sexual harassment are indicators of leaders’ priorities and of which â€Å"types† of employees are valued (Morrison von Glinow 67). You read "Discrimination and Sexual Harassment" in category "Papers" Top-level leaders can also discourage discrimination and sexual harassment by implementing systems of accountability that make rewards contingent upon meeting diversity goals. After the corporate board and TMT have decided to pursue an organizational change strategy throughout the organization, the role of the CEO is particularly important. Cox and Blake (1991) argued that for champions for diversity are needed to enact change—and the CEO is in a very good position to passionately pursue change, to role model the behaviors required for change, and to help the organization to move forward. Such a leader can help to establish an inclusive organizational culture through persistent communication of and visible support for all programs and policies aimed at reducing discrimination and sexual harassment (Morrison von Glinow 89). In addition, when successes occur, he or she would provide rewards and interpretations consistent with the desired values. In this manner, a CEO who demonstrates commitment to eliminating all forms of discrimination and sexual harassment throughout the organization may play a crucial role in transforming an organization from monolithic (unicultural) to multicultural. The quality of leader-subordinate relationships is also an important consideration for discrimination and sexual harassment in organizations. High-quality leader member exchanges (LMX) may be less likely to develop between leader subordinate dyads composed of individuals who are demographically different (Hiller Day 34). Yet, because LMX relationship quality is thought to be pivotal for the access that subordinates receive to resources, information, important networks, and opportunities, high-quality LMX relationships with diverse subordinates are one key to combating discrimination sexual harassment in organizations. Ultimately, those managers who establish high quality LMX relationships with all of their employees without discriminating against minority subordinates will be in a better position to utilize all of their human resources (Douglas et al. 8). Indeed, recent evidence demonstrated that departments in which racial minorities reported high-quality LMX relationships with their managers had higher profits than departments where minorities reported low-quality LMX relationships (Nishii, Mayer, Goldstein, Dotan 19). 3. Without integration of equality goals within the broader business diversity-oriented strategy the organization will not develop open communication, mutual trust, and confidence i n management When strategies for advancing diverse employees and creating a culture of inclusiveness are embedded within an organization’s strategic business plan, consequent levels of discrimination and sexual harassment conflict tend to be lower. Actually including EEO as part of a company’s business strategy is important because statements of non-discrimination are a very tangible and salient sign that discrimination is not tolerated within an organization (Morrison von Glinow 167). Further, publicly stating the importance of diversity as a basis of competitive advantage and human resource quality fosters the belief that diversity represents an opportunity for the organization rather than a problem. There is also a theoretical basis for expecting that organizations that pursue an innovation strategy will be motivated to capitalize on the diversity of behavioral scripts that result from a diverse workforce. This is based on the evidence that diverse groups are more likely to produce a diverse set of ideas compared to homogeneous groups (Milliken Martins 78), and the wider set of ideas is expected to translate into better decisions. An organization that perceives the differential competencies and experiential bases of diverse employees as a source of competitive advantage is less likely to engage in practices that discriminate against diverse groups. Arguments on the other side 1. People form different backgrounds and cultures tend to form unhealthy teamwork with diversity-related problems Workplace harassment which entails the use of abusive language or isolation of specific workers may result because of their diversity (disabilities, performance record, sex, or place of birth) which will hinder the efficient formation of teamwork (Broadnax 13). People are more susceptible to workplace harassment and discrimination, which is bad for the organization. However, people form different backgrounds and with varied skills when effectually managed tend to form a strong teamwork. Teamwork is useful for an organization in that people are able to share their ideas or problems, thereby, providing workable solutions to issues. The use of cross-functional teams and employee participation are key to success of the organization. This is because they provide a more firm platform on which to exchange knowledge and information. Therefore, managers who take strong leadership in this area are essential. Workplace harassment practices such as sexual harassment are so inhuman that it results in the breakdown of individual and team relationship in an organization and in most cases; it results because of ones race, disability, or gender. Harassment is not only directed to junior employees but it can be directed to a senior member of the group. The consequences of workplace harassment and surveillance are normally severe in that it results in mental, physical, and emotional illnesses. Therefore, the managers in this case have a lot to lose if they do not act quickly. 2. People solve nothing, time solves problems Most managers are reluctant to admit that there diversity-related problems that should be solved. While managers must be supportive and allow a reasonable period of time for problem abatement, it is important to remember that managers do not help employees or the organization by neglecting problems. Nor do problems go away or resolve themselves if given ample time. If a business is managed poorly, it loses profits and eventually fails. If cultural conflicts and sexual harassment are handled poorly, valuable employees are lost. Avoiding financial and human resources losses tests the leadership mettle of managers. Central to conflict resolution is mastering the processes of problem solving, the dynamics of which are threefold (Nishii, Mayer, Goldstein, Dotan 78-90): 1. The facts that constitute the problem must be understood. Facts usually consist of both objective reality and subjective reactions. 2. The facts must be thought through. They must be probed into, reorganized, and turned over in order for distressed employees to grasp as much of the total configuration as possible. 3. A decision must be made that will result in resolving or alleviating the problem. This usually involves a change in behavior and, if possible, attitude. Succinctly, the three operations of problem solving are fact-finding, analysis of facts, and implementation of conclusions. For the maximum effectiveness, the people involved in the discrimination and sexual harassment conflict must be fully involved in the efforts to solve their own problems. It is possible for a manager to define the problem and prescribe solutions, but when this happens the self-responsibility of the employees involved in the conflict is weakened. It is always better if the employees who have problems are able to assist in bringing about the resolution. A problem cannot be solved if the necessary information is missing. A manager may want to understand his or her subordinates’ conflicts but be unable to do so because some of the data are missing or distorted. In some situations, administrators are not privy to all the information. In other instances, the information may have been misinterpreted. Like any puzzle, missing pieces of information in a human relations problem will render it insolvable. Information alone is seldom enough. Too much information can freeze negative attitudes and reinforce dysfunctional behavior. Conditioned by organization and peer group norms, contradictory information may cause a manager to say to a complainant, â€Å"I understand what you have said but I don’t believe it. † For example, a sexist supervisor may disregard documentation of a female’s abilities to do male-oriented jobs. An individual with delusions of male superiority is not likely to believe reports documenting female competence in male jobs. Thus, in order to be helpful, information must be believed by the manager. All of this underscores the crucial importance of managers taking strong leadership in order to eliminate harassment and discrimination. Sensitivity is the capacity to identify and empathize with the values, aspirations, and feelings of subordinates. Today, more than ever, organization needs culturally sensitive administrators. Without being able to see employees as they see themselves, to dispel fears of cultural differences, and to communicate with their subordinates, managers will turn their organizations into socially and psychologically destructive battlefields. If they are unable to put themselves in the minds of their subordinates, there will be little help for the aggrieved persons. Frequently, managers are problems themselves or causes of problems. As noted earlier, the ability of managers to achieve and maintain a condition of objectivity when dealing with their subordinates’ problems is important in the conflict resolution process. If a manager is wrapped up in his or her own inner world, he or she will not be able to perceive clearly the feelings of others. The challenge to administrators is awesome: They must empathize with subordinates but not to the point of losing their objectivity. In many instances, aggrieved workers do not know how they really feel about their situation until they have communicated these feelings to someone else. Distressed workers may only be aware of internal discomforts. Providing opportunities for them to tell how they feel is usually the first step in isolating negative feelings and related behaviors. They may have previously communicated internal discomforts by arguing with, laughing at, or avoiding contact with other workers. Talking about negative feelings can provide a better view of them and a better chance for managing them. While allowing an employee to ‘tell’ is a valuable technique in resolving problems, it is only a first step. Telling should be related to some end and not merely an end in itself. Solutions must be sought. Perhaps the major distinction lies between talking about the discrimination and sexual harassment conflict and talking through the discrimination and sexual harassment conflict. In the first instance, usually nothing more than random talk, free association of ideas occurs. In the second instance, more structured thinking occurs: a problem is acknowledged, its implications and related behaviors examined, and solutions pondered. Talking through a problem excites all the body processes, often causing increased heartbeat and sweating. The whole person is caught up in it. It is imperative that distressed workers focus on problems that can be solved. This is by far the most efficient use of one’s energies. For example, an older worker who focuses on his age, a woman on her gender, and a Hispanic on his ethnicity are all wasting valuable time and energy, as they cannot alter those things. However, if they focused on ageism, sexism, and, racism, then something constructive is possible. Managers must also focus on problems that have the potential of being solved. Some of the questions to be answered by managers and supervisors during this process are: †¢ What is the problem? (Who did what, when, where, what happened? ) †¢ Who senses (feels) the problem? (Only the aggrieved, co-workers, supervisors? ) †¢ How are you personally affected? (Emotionally, socially, economically, professionally? ) †¢ What was the immediate cause for what happened? †¢ What organization rules and regulations pertain to the problem? †¢ Who can act to resolve this problem? †¢ What do you want to happen? †¢ What are your options? †¢ What will you do? Conclusion Discrimination and sexual harassment management in the organization is a reflection of how the changing world and market place will be in the future. Diversity will enhance respect for individual differences within the organization and hence make it able to create a competitive advantage in the organization. Discrimination and sexual harassment management in the organization is able to benefit associates through the creation of safe and fair environment for all. Future research is needed to examine the consequences that the alignment among organizational processes and structures has for levels of organizational discrimination. This is critical because an intervention into a single process or structure is unlikely to effectively reduce discrimination and sexual harassment. For example, if top management leaders adopt a strategic business plan that explicitly involves reducing discrimination and sexual harassment, but fail to also build a culture of inclusion, their efforts are likely to be ineffective. It would be useful to examine how individuals perceive the alignment of organizational processes. More generally, research needs to take a systems approach to discrimination and sexual harassment. Restate your thesis somewhere near the end of your paper. How to cite Discrimination and Sexual Harassment, Papers